Coke County CAD – Property Search, Records & Appraisal District

Coke County, Texas property guide

Coke County Property Records, Ranch Values and Tax Help

Search Coke County property by owner, address or account ID, open the official parcel map, review appraised values and exemptions, and identify the correct office for tax payments, deeds, protests or ownership corrections.

This locally focused guide also covers ranch and agricultural accounts, mineral interests, inherited property, 2025 adopted tax rates, Coke County’s separate appraisal and collection roles, and the evidence owners should prepare before challenging a value.

Official resources reviewed August 3, 2026
Public property search Free owner and parcel lookup Use Owner, Address, ID or Advanced search without paying a record broker.
CAD office 13 East 7th Street Coke CAD is located in Robert Lee with the county offices.
Appraisal help (325) 453-4528 Call about values, exemptions, property characteristics and protest filing.
Tax payments Separate county function The Tax Assessor-Collector—not Coke CAD—handles most property-tax bills.
Choose the correct task

Start With the Right Coke County Portal

Property appraisal, tax collection and deed recording are separate functions. Use the task cards below to avoid filing documents or sending payments to the wrong office.

2

View a parcel on the map

Use the official BIS interactive map to compare parcel location, roads, nearby tracts and appraisal layers.

Open interactive map →
3

Protest an appraisal

Use the eProtest system when your notice and account are eligible, or file a written Notice of Protest.

Open eProtest →
4

Apply for an exemption

Download the correct homestead, veteran, agricultural or business-property form and file it with Coke CAD.

View official forms →
5

Pay or verify a tax bill

Contact the Coke County Tax Assessor-Collector for balances, payments, receipts and delinquency questions.

Open tax-office page →
6

Search deeds and liens

Use the County/District Clerk’s official records route for deeds, releases, liens and recorded instruments.

Open County Clerk page →
Do not purchase a basic Coke CAD property lookup from an unofficial record website. The official appraisal search and parcel map are publicly accessible. Government fees may still apply when ordering certified Clerk documents, recording instruments or making certain electronic payments.
GIS parcel guidance

How to Use the Coke CAD Interactive Map

The official map is helpful for locating rural tracts, comparing nearby appraisal accounts and understanding how a parcel sits relative to roads, neighboring properties and jurisdiction layers.

Open the official interactive parcel map. Use Coke CAD’s BIS map. Allow extra loading time on a phone or slower connection.
Search by owner, property ID or location when available. The property ID from the appraisal record is usually more dependable than a rural mailing address.
Zoom to the parcel and select it. Review the popup or linked appraisal information. Confirm that the selected tract’s ID matches the property record you intended to view.
Turn layers on individually. Use parcel, road, aerial, taxing-unit or other available layers one at a time so overlapping labels do not hide important details.
Compare nearby accounts carefully. Nearby parcels may differ in acreage, access, water, improvements, agricultural use, school district or mineral ownership.
Save a map image only as research evidence. A CAD map can help explain an appraisal concern, but it is not a boundary survey, deed exhibit or legal determination of access.
Do not use the online parcel line to build a fence, locate an easement or settle a boundary dispute. Appraisal maps are prepared for tax administration. Use recorded instruments, plats and a qualified surveyor for legal boundary work.
Record field decoder

What a Coke County Property Record Tells You

Record field Meaning What the owner should verify
Property ID Coke CAD’s unique account identifier. Use it on calls, forms, protests and supporting documents.
Owner name The ownership name carried in the appraisal database. Compare it with the most recently recorded deed or other ownership instrument.
Mailing address The destination for appraisal-related correspondence. Update it promptly if notices are going to a former address.
Situs address The physical location assigned to the parcel or improvement. Rural, mineral and vacant accounts may not show a standard street address.
Legal description A condensed appraisal description of the tract, lot, block, survey or abstract. Compare it with the deed, but do not substitute the CAD description for a legal instrument.
Market value The district’s opinion of value as of the applicable January 1 appraisal date. Check land and improvement components, property class and appraisal year.
Appraised value The value after applicable appraisal limitations or special-appraisal provisions. It may differ from market value for a qualified homestead or agricultural tract.
Taxable value The amount taxable by a specific entity after exemptions. Do not assume every taxing entity uses the same taxable value.
Land details Acreage, land class, neighborhood, productivity category or other land information. Check acreage, use, location and agricultural classification.
Improvements Houses, shops, barns, commercial structures or other taxable improvements. Check improvement count, size, age, quality, condition and use.
Exemptions Approved homestead, age-65, disability, veteran or other exemption codes. Confirm that each expected exemption appears for the correct year.
Taxing entities The county, city, school and special districts associated with the account. Check city limits, school assignment, hospital district, water district and ESD status.

Three-part property-record accuracy check

Ownership track

Name and mailing data

Compare the CAD owner name and mailing address with the latest recorded deed and your current contact information.

Physical track

Land and improvements

Check acreage, buildings, condition, agricultural use and whether demolished or damaged improvements remain listed.

Tax track

Exemptions and entities

Confirm exemptions, school district, city, hospital district, water district and other taxing-unit assignments.

A CAD record is an appraisal record—not a title report. Use the Coke County Clerk’s recorded documents to verify deeds, liens, releases and ownership instruments.
Coke County-specific research

Ranches, Minerals, Business Property and Inherited Accounts

Coke County records include more than homes inside Robert Lee and Bronte. Owners should identify the account type before deciding which value, form or evidence matters.

Ranch and agricultural land

A rural tract can have a market value and a lower productivity-based value when it qualifies for special agricultural appraisal. Qualification depends on use and statutory requirements, not simply acreage or a rural address.

  • Check acreage and land class.
  • Confirm agricultural-use history.
  • Keep lease and management evidence.
  • Report a change of use.

Mineral and industrial accounts

Coke CAD states that mineral, utility and industrial accounts are appraised for the district by Pritchard & Abbott. A mineral account can be separate from surface ownership.

  • Search owner and account ID.
  • Check lease or operator references.
  • Separate surface and mineral questions.
  • Use the account contact shown on the notice.

Business personal property

Taxable inventory, furniture, fixtures, machinery and equipment owned or managed on January 1 may require a rendition.

  • Inventory assets as of January 1.
  • Separate exempt farm equipment where applicable.
  • Use the current rendition form.
  • Request an extension in writing when needed.

Inherited and heir property

An heir may have an ownership interest before the CAD owner field is fully updated. Additional affidavits, death records, utility evidence or court information may be required for a homestead application.

Read Coke CAD heir-property information →

City residential property

Confirm whether the parcel is inside Robert Lee, Bronte or another applicable jurisdiction. A mailing city name alone does not prove that city tax applies.

  • Check taxing entities.
  • Review homestead codes.
  • Verify improvement data.
  • Compare the current appraisal year.

Multiple-account ownership

A single owner may receive separate accounts for surface land, minerals, personal property, improvements or separate tracts.

  • List every property ID.
  • Match each legal description.
  • Check each tax bill separately.
  • Do not assume one payment covers all accounts.
Agricultural appraisal is not the same as an agricultural exemption. The special appraisal changes how qualifying land is valued. It does not automatically remove the property from taxation, and a change of use may create additional tax consequences.
Office-routing guide

Coke CAD vs Tax Office vs County Clerk

Your question Correct office What that office handles
What is my appraised value? Coke Central Appraisal District Market value, appraised value and property characteristics.
Why is my acreage, building size or property class wrong? Coke Central Appraisal District Appraisal-record corrections and property classification.
Was my homestead or agricultural application approved? Coke Central Appraisal District Exemptions and special-appraisal applications.
How do I protest my value or exemption decision? Coke CAD / Appraisal Review Board Protest intake, informal review and ARB hearing procedures.
What amount do I owe? Applicable tax collector Current balances, delinquency, payment plans and tax statements.
Did my tax payment post? Applicable tax collector Payment processing, receipts and account balances.
Where is the official deed? Coke County/District Clerk Recorded deeds, liens, releases and real-property instruments.
Can CAD prove my legal boundary? No—use deed, plat and survey sources CAD maps are appraisal tools and do not replace a legal survey.
Useful local detail: the CAD, Tax Assessor-Collector and County/District Clerk all list 13 East 7th Street in Robert Lee. They remain separate offices with different responsibilities, phone numbers, records and filing procedures.
Tax bill and payment guidance

How to Verify and Pay Coke County Property Taxes

Coke CAD sets appraisal values but does not set tax rates or collect most property taxes. The Coke County Tax Assessor-Collector lists its office at 13 East 7th Street, Robert Lee.

Locate the correct property ID in Coke CAD. Write down the account number, owner name and legal description before contacting a tax collector.
Read the collector name printed on the tax statement. Not every taxing unit associated with a Coke CAD parcel is necessarily collected through the same office.
Contact the Coke County Tax Assessor-Collector for consolidated accounts. Call (325) 453-2614 or use the official tax-office page.
Confirm every tax year and account before paying. Check current and delinquent balances, penalty, interest and any collection costs directly with the collector.
Ask which payment methods are currently accepted. The official county page does not presently publish a clearly verified property-tax payment portal. Do not use a guessed payment link.
Keep the receipt and verify posting. Save the account number, amount, tax year, payment date and confirmation or receipt number.

Units listed as consolidated through the Coke County Tax Office

  • Coke County
  • Bronte Independent School District
  • Robert Lee Independent School District
  • Water Valley Independent School District
  • City of Bronte
  • City of Robert Lee
  • Coke County Underground Water Conservation District
  • West Coke County Hospital District
  • East Coke County Hospital District
  • Kickapoo Water Control and Improvement District
Verify the collector for Blackwell ISD and Coke County ESD charges. The Texas Comptroller’s current Coke County directory lists those as active Coke CAD taxing units but does not include them in the county tax office’s consolidated-unit list. Use the collector printed on the official bill.
General Texas payment timing Property taxes are generally due when the bill is received and become delinquent on February 1 unless a different statutory deadline, installment option or statement instruction applies.
Latest posted local rate sheet

Coke County 2025 Tax Rates Explained

Coke CAD’s latest posted adopted-rate document is labeled 2025 Tax Rates. These figures should not be described as final 2026 rates. Proposed and adopted 2026 information is published during the annual Truth-in-Taxation process.

Robert Lee ISD 1.0866
Bronte ISD 0.9789
Water Valley ISD 1.1840
Blackwell ISD 0.9397
Coke County + FM/FC 0.40715
City of Robert Lee 0.421343
Taxing unit 2025 component rate 2025 combined rate where shown
Coke County General: 0.31335
FM & FC: 0.0938
0.40715
City of Robert Lee 0.421343 0.421343
City of Bronte 0.36149 0.36149
City of Blackwell 0.084626 0.084626
Coke County UWD 0.005647 0.005647
Kickapoo WD 0.081803 0.081803
West Hospital District 0.21272 0.21272
East Hospital District 0.280189 0.280189
Robert Lee ISD M&O: 0.6666
I&S: 0.42
1.0866
Bronte ISD M&O: 0.6489
I&S: 0.33
0.9789
Water Valley ISD M&O: 0.754
I&S: 0.43
1.184
Coke County ESD No. 1 0.1 0.1
Blackwell ISD M&O: 0.6822
I&S: 0.2575
0.9397
Do not apply every rate in the table to one property. A parcel is taxed only by the entities shown on its account. The total printed at the bottom of the district’s rate sheet is a sum of listed rates—not a universal combined rate for every Coke County property.

Basic tax-estimate formula

Estimated entity tax = entity taxable value ÷ 100 × entity rate.

Repeat the calculation for each applicable entity and add the results. Use that entity’s taxable value after its exemptions rather than automatically using the full market value.

Applications and filing preparation

Coke County Homestead, Agricultural and Business Forms

Coke CAD links owners to current local and Texas Comptroller forms. Download a new copy when filing instead of relying on a form saved from a prior year.

Owner’s goal Official form or route What to prepare
Residence homestead Form 50-114 Property ID, ownership information, occupancy date and identification requested by the form.
Disabled-veteran exemption Form 50-135 VA or military documentation showing the qualifying disability or surviving-spouse status.
1-d-1 open-space agricultural appraisal Form 50-129 Acreage, agricultural-use history, livestock or crop activity, leases and management evidence.
Business personal-property rendition Form 50-144 Inventory, furniture, machinery, equipment and taxable property owned or managed on January 1.
Property-owner protest Form 50-132 Property ID, protest grounds, requested correction and organized supporting evidence.
Change a mailing address Coke CAD change-of-address page Owner identification, property account details, old address and new mailing address.
Electronic communication Electronic-delivery request Completed request form, account details and the email address to receive official communication.
Online document access Coke CAD Taxpayer Portal Email access and information needed to connect your registration with the correct property.

Homestead application check

  • The property is your principal residence.
  • You have an ownership interest.
  • Your application name matches or explains the deed ownership.
  • The identification address matches unless a statutory exception applies.
  • You keep a complete copy and delivery proof.

Agricultural appraisal evidence

  • Current and historical land use.
  • Livestock, crop or wildlife-management records.
  • Lease or operator information.
  • Acreage devoted to each activity.
  • Evidence that intensity standards are met.
Coke CAD’s forms page states that homestead applications must include a driver’s-license copy or other information required by the Texas Property Tax Code. Additional affidavits may be required when the ownership name, property address or applicant’s circumstances do not follow the standard application pattern.
Annual filing calendar

Coke County Property-Tax Dates to Watch

January 1 — appraisal date Ownership, property condition, use and taxable business property are generally evaluated as of January 1.
April 15 — general rendition deadline Most business-personal-property renditions are due April 15. A written extension request can generally extend the deadline to May 15.
April 30 — common exemption and special-appraisal deadline Many exemption and agricultural-appraisal applications are due before May 1, although late-filing and special qualification rules can apply.
May 15 or the notice-based deadline — most protests The usual deadline is May 15 or 30 days after the appraisal district mails the Notice of Appraised Value, whichever is later. Follow the date printed on your notice.
August and September — proposed and adopted rates Local taxing units update Truth-in-Taxation information as officials propose and adopt rates.
Tax-bill season — verify collector, exemptions and account number Compare the bill with the final appraisal record and contact the collector listed on the bill about balances or payment.
Deadline dates can move when they fall on a weekend or legal holiday. Different dates also apply to regulated property, late appraisal notices, omitted property, certain exemption denials and correction motions.
Value and exemption review

How to Protest a Coke County Appraisal

A strong protest identifies a specific appraisal or record problem and supports the requested correction with evidence tied to the January 1 appraisal date.

Read the complete Notice of Appraised Value. Check the proposed market value, appraised value, exemptions, property description, protest rights and exact filing deadline.
Open the current Coke CAD property record. Review land, improvements, property class, agricultural status and taxing entities before focusing only on the final number.
Select the correct protest ground. Common issues include excessive appraisal, unequal appraisal, incorrect property description, denied exemption, ownership error or denial of special appraisal.
File through an accepted method before the deadline. Use Coke CAD eProtest when the account is eligible, or submit Form 50-132.
Save proof that the protest was received. Keep the online confirmation, email, stamped copy, certified-mail receipt or other accepted delivery evidence.
Request and study the appraisal evidence. Review comparable sales, property characteristics, maps, photographs, schedules or other material supporting the district’s value.
Present a specific requested result. State the value, exemption, ownership correction or property-data change you want and connect each item of evidence to that request.
Attend the informal review and ARB hearing. An informal meeting may resolve the issue, but preserve your formal protest rights until you understand and accept the proposed resolution.

Evidence that can help

  • Comparable sales near the January 1 appraisal date.
  • Comparable CAD records for unequal-appraisal analysis.
  • Dated photographs of condition problems.
  • Inspection reports and contractor estimates.
  • Evidence of access, location or functional limitations.
  • Documentation of incorrect acreage or improvements.

Arguments that usually need more support

  • “My taxes are too high” without identifying a value issue.
  • A mortgage balance or personal financial hardship.
  • An online estimate with no comparable-property analysis.
  • Repairs completed after January 1 without earlier condition evidence.
  • Sales from a different market or property category.
  • A map screenshot used as proof of a legal boundary.
The Appraisal Review Board can review appraisal decisions, but it does not adopt tax rates or process tax payments. A lower tax bill argument should be converted into a supported appraisal, exemption, special-appraisal or record-correction issue.
Buyer, seller and owner scenarios

What to Check Before and After a Coke County Property Transfer

Before buying

  • Match the CAD parcel with the deed description.
  • Review land, buildings and agricultural status.
  • Identify separate mineral or personal-property accounts.
  • Check current and delinquent tax information.
  • Do not assume the seller’s exemptions transfer.

After closing

  • Confirm the deed was recorded.
  • Watch for the CAD ownership update.
  • Update the mailing address.
  • File a new homestead application when eligible.
  • Keep notices addressed to the prior owner.

Before selling

  • Resolve obvious appraisal-record errors.
  • List all property and mineral account IDs.
  • Keep current tax receipts.
  • Identify agricultural change-of-use concerns.
  • Use title professionals for lien and ownership questions.
The owner name in Coke CAD is not conclusive proof of legal title. Appraisal ownership updates can lag behind recording. Use the Coke County Clerk’s official recorded documents and appropriate title research.
Problem-solving guide

Common Coke CAD Problems and the Next Step

Problem Possible reason Best next action
No owner-name result The record uses an estate, trust, business, spouse or previous owner name. Search one surname, remove punctuation, try the address or review the recorded deed.
No rural address result The tract has no standard situs address or uses highway, route or legal-description data. Search by owner or property ID, then locate the tract in the GIS map.
New owner is not listed The deed may have been recorded recently and not yet processed by CAD. Verify recording with the Clerk and provide instrument information to Coke CAD if needed.
Homestead exemption is missing The application may be pending, incomplete, denied or attached to another account. Call Coke CAD with the property ID, application date and delivery evidence.
Agricultural value disappeared Ownership, use, annual documentation or qualification information may have changed. Read the notice immediately and ask Coke CAD which requirement or record triggered the change.
Online protest will not load Portal availability, browser settings, access-code issues or account eligibility. Save a screenshot, try a current browser and contact Coke CAD before the deadline.
Several accounts appear for one owner Surface, mineral, business-personal-property or separate tract accounts may exist. Match each property ID and legal description before filing or paying.
Tax payment is not posted Wrong collector, processing delay, rejected payment or wrong account number. Contact the collector named on the receipt or tax statement—not Coke CAD.
Parcel line looks incorrect Mapping approximation, deed discrepancy, parcel split or survey issue. Compare the CAD map with the deed, plat and survey; use qualified help for legal boundaries.
Taxing entities look wrong City, school, hospital, water or ESD jurisdiction data may require review. Save the map and record, then ask Coke CAD to verify the jurisdiction assignment.
Verified local contacts

Coke CAD, Tax Office and County Clerk Contact Details

Coke Central Appraisal District

13 East 7th Street
Robert Lee, TX 76945

Mail: P.O. Box 2, Robert Lee, TX 76945
Phone: (325) 453-4528
Fax: (325) 453-4529
Email: dustin.vernor@cokecad.org

Hours:
Monday–Thursday: 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
Friday: 8:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m.

Coke CAD’s site identifies Dustin R. Vernor, RPA, CCA, as Chief Appraiser. The Texas Comptroller directory updated May 5, 2026 currently describes the position as interim.

Official Coke CAD website

County/District Clerk

13 East 7th Street
Robert Lee, TX 76945

County/District Clerk: Carolla Orcutt
Phone: (325) 453-2631
Fax: (325) 453-2157
Email: carolla.orcutt@co.coke.tx.us

Hours:
Monday–Thursday: 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
Thursday lunch closure: 12:00–1:00 p.m.
Friday: 8:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m.

Official Clerk page
Call before a deadline-sensitive office visit. Hours can change for holidays, elections, staff availability or hearings. Bring the property ID, appraisal year, notice and copies of all documents you intend to submit.
Final action checklist

Coke County Property Record Checklist

For a normal property search

  • Search by owner, address or property ID.
  • Confirm the appraisal year.
  • Match the situs and legal description.
  • Review land and improvement details.
  • Check exemptions and taxable values.
  • Review every taxing entity.
  • Save the property ID and record copy.

For a correction, form or protest

  • Identify the exact account and error.
  • Read the official deadline.
  • Use a current form or approved portal.
  • Attach focused supporting evidence.
  • Save delivery or submission proof.
  • Track requests for more information.
  • Verify the final record after the decision.
10 useful answers

Coke County CAD Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is the official Coke County property search free?
Yes. Coke CAD provides a public search by owner, address, property ID and advanced criteria. A payment is not required merely to view a basic appraisal record.
2. What is the fastest way to find a Coke County property?
Use the property ID from an appraisal notice or tax statement. When the ID is unavailable, search with one owner surname or a simplified street address.
3. Can I use the Coke CAD map as a legal survey?
No. The interactive map is useful for appraisal research, but its parcel lines do not replace a recorded deed, plat, easement document or professional boundary survey.
4. Does Coke CAD collect property taxes?
No. Coke CAD appraises property and administers exemptions. The Coke County Tax Assessor-Collector handles taxes for its consolidated units, while some accounts may name another collector.
5. Where do I pay a Blackwell ISD or Coke County ESD tax line?
Use the collector printed on the official tax statement. Those units appear in Coke CAD’s active-unit list but are not included in the Texas Comptroller’s current list of units consolidated through the Coke County Tax Office.
6. What is the usual Coke County appraisal protest deadline?
The usual Texas deadline is May 15 or 30 days after the appraisal district mails the Notice of Appraised Value, whichever is later. The date printed on the owner’s official notice should be followed.
7. Can I protest a Coke County appraisal online?
Coke CAD provides an eProtest portal. Online access can depend on the appraisal year, account eligibility and information supplied with the owner’s notice. Save the submission confirmation.
8. Which form is used for a Coke County residence homestead exemption?
The standard application is Texas Comptroller Form 50-114. File it with Coke CAD and include the identification or supporting information requested by the form and appraisal district.
9. Are mineral accounts included in the Coke CAD search?
Mineral accounts may appear as separate property accounts. Coke CAD states that mineral, utility and industrial accounts are appraised for the district by Pritchard & Abbott.
10. Where can I verify a Coke County deed or ownership transfer?
Use the Coke County/District Clerk’s official recorded-document system or contact the Clerk’s office. The owner name displayed by Coke CAD is useful for appraisal administration but is not conclusive proof of title.
Independent informational notice: County-CAD.us is not Coke County, Coke Central Appraisal District, the Appraisal Review Board, the Tax Assessor-Collector or the County/District Clerk. Property values, ownership data, exemptions, deadlines, tax rates, balances, collectors and office procedures can change. Verify account-specific and deadline-sensitive information through the official links included above. This guide does not provide legal, appraisal, surveying, title or tax advice.
Free County CAD Property Tax Assistant

Estimate Taxes, Exemptions, Escrow, Protest Savings and Next Steps

This sitewide tool helps homeowners, buyers, sellers and investors understand property tax numbers before they check the official county appraisal district or tax office. It runs in your browser, does not collect personal data and gives practical next steps after each calculation.

Start Free Tool
8-in-1Calculator, checklist and official-search helper in one widget.
No loginWorks instantly without collecting names, emails or property IDs.
Mobile-firstDesigned for phone users reading county CAD articles.
HelpfulGives next steps, not only numbers.

What are you trying to do today?

Choose your main goal. The tool will guide you to the right calculation or next step.

Best for homeowners

Use Tax, Exemption and Protest tabs to understand your appraisal notice and possible savings.

Best for buyers

Use Buyer Budget and Monthly Escrow before relying only on a mortgage payment estimate.

Property Tax Estimate Calculator

Estimate annual tax using property value, assessment ratio, exemptions and local tax rate.

Homestead and Exemption Savings

Estimate how much a homestead, senior, disabled, veteran or local exemption may reduce annual tax.

Monthly Escrow / Ownership Cost

Estimate monthly property tax, insurance, HOA and reserve cushion. Useful for buyers and homeowners comparing affordability.

Property Tax Protest Savings

Estimate possible savings if your appraised value is reduced after a protest, evidence review or correction.

Appraised Value Growth / Cap Impact

Estimate how a value increase or appraisal cap may affect taxable value. Rules vary by state, county and exemption status.

Home Buyer Monthly Budget Estimate

Estimate a more realistic monthly ownership cost by adding mortgage, property tax, insurance and HOA.

Find Official County CAD and Tax Resources

Enter county and state to create safe search links. This avoids guessing official URLs and helps users find the correct county appraisal district, property search, tax payment and exemption pages.

Why this tool helps your site

It gives visitors an interactive reason to stay on the page, calculate their own numbers and move from general reading to practical action.

Best placement

  • Below county CAD articles
  • Before FAQ section on long posts
  • Inside sidebar or after first major section on desktop

Estimate disclaimer

Values are educational estimates. Visitors should confirm final values, exemptions, tax rates, payment status and deadlines with official county resources.